Disabled Identity Essay Example for Free

Disabled Identity Essay The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how, from a historical perspective, media representation has impacted on the lives of people with disabilities, with a focus on facial disfigurement. A comparison between the terms ‘impairment’ and ‘disabled’ will clearly identify a difference between the concepts in terms of the medical and social models of disability. The paper will continue by analysing how negative media imagery has served to diminish the lives of people with facial disfigurement and ultimately been responsible for creating a ‘disabled identity’. Furthermore, the paper will highlight the shift from the medical model to a social model of disability, while taking into account the views and perceptions of groups of people with disabilities. It is important to consider the difference between the terms ‘impairment’ and ‘disabled’. Mason (2000) describes impairment as a characteristic, feature or attribute within an individual which is long term and may affect an individual’s appearance or affect the functioning of that individual’s mind or body, because of, or regardless of society. Mason further suggests that disabled people are those with impairments who are disabled by barriers in society. This includes people with physical impairments, people with visual impairments, people with learning difficulties and those who have experienced mental illness. The two terms ‘impairment’ and ‘disabled’ signal a difference between the concepts, in terms of the medical and social models of disability. According to Clough and Corbett (2000) the medical model points to practices which call on pathology. The model focuses on sickness, rather than health and reactive measures instead of preventative measures. Hence, under the medical model, disabled people are defined by their impairment, illness or medical condition. Open University (2006) suggest that the medical model promotes the view of a disabled person as dependent, needing to be cured or cared for. It justifies the way in which disabled people are excluded from society. Brainhe (2010) suggests that the social model is a concept which recognises that some individuals have impairments which can affect their ability to function in society. However, it is society that causes the individual to become disabled. According to Shakespear (1996) Identity is viewed by the medical model negatively as the focus in relation to disability is primarily based on adjusting, mourning and coming to terms with loss. Furthermore, identity is about belonging, what you have in common with others and how you differ from others. Conversely, the social model focuses on oppression within society and calls for change, empowering and promoting a different self-understanding. According to Changing Faces (2008) The word â€Å"disfigurement† is used to describe the aesthetic effects of a mark, rash, scar or skin graft on a person’s skin or an asymmetry or paralysis to their face or body. Furthermore, disfigurement can affect anyone in childhood or adulthood, from any ethnic group, whether it is the result of an accident, trauma, violent attack, caused by a disease such as cancer or the aftermath of a surgical procedure. Moreover, 112,000 young people in the United Kingdom have a significant facial disfigurement. Safran (1998) suggests that as a culture of mass media consumers, messages from newspapers and television impact on public attitudes towards individuals with disabilities and help shape social attitudes, through the provision of information about the nature of exceptionalities. Furthermore, encouraging social attitudes and acceptance are critical to inclusion for successful community and educational integration. Research by Bogdan (1988) indicated that during the nineteenth and twentieth century, media representation reflected the medical model of disability. Furthermore, people with disabilities have been used for entertainment and profit as human oddities and freaks for hundreds of years. Bogdan (1988) refers to two different styles of representation. The exotic mode presented the performer in a way that would ‘appeal to the spectator’s interest in the culturally strange, the primitive, the exotic’. Whereas in the Aggrandized mode of presentation, the emphasis was that despite condition, the performer was an upstanding, high status person. At the turn of the nineteenth century, audiences turned away from Freak shows, for reasons of exploitation. This resulted in isolation for the performer from society and the economy. Consequently, most performers spent the rest of their lives in institutions. Bogdan (1988, pg. 65) concluded: Freak shows disappeared because the performers had become curiosities of pathology and the scientific world. stigmatizing performers with a link to deviance. This stigma was such that visibility produced fear and repulsion and led to segregation and invisibility. According to Safran (1998) early film portrayal used disabilities to heighten the effect of slapstick comedies and melodramas, and frequently presented stereotypes of individual as victim or villain. Since 1904, wheelchairs presented a wide range of images including humor, evil, helplessness and confinement. After 1929, screenplays depicted physical disabilities. The horror film Frankenstein adapted various disabling characteristics, including motor difficulties; facial disfigurement to provoke fear (Longmore,1985). The portrayal of physical disabilities during the late 1940s was handled with greater sensitivity, spearheaded by images of returning veterans overcoming obstacles. Films such as The Best Years of Our Lives in 1946 and The Men (1950) focused appropriately on the shock of becoming disabled and accurately portrayed the rehabilitation process. During the civil rights era in the 1960s, people with physical impairments appeared in the mainstream, facing obstacles to live independently and by the late 1980s, more realistic portrayals evolved e. g. Born on the Fourth of July (1989) highlighting the trauma of coping with paralysis. In more recent years, representation of disability has been portrayed using positive images in films including My Left Foot and Gaby – A True Story (1987). However, negative themes of villainous disability continued e. g. The Fugitive (1993) which included Captain Hook imagery. According to Byrd (1989) between 1986 and 1988, sixty seven people with disabilities were portrayed in 53 of 302 films (17. 5%). More than half were victimised and less than one in five were heroes. Zola (1985) described the media as metaphorical, representing disabled people as a menace to society and victims. Bogdan et al in Safran (1998) examined the symbolism of disabilities in horror films and emphasized that portrayal of scarred, deformed and physically handicapped monsters in film, lead to a fear of people with disabilities. Furthermore, this could manifest as prejudice and unintentional social isolation. Films such as The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923), Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931) and Peter Pan (1953) exploit disabilities to create fear in the viewers as a consequence of negative imagery. Longmore (1985) examined a variety of negative themes and images across a range of films and concluded that villainous and evil characteristics are reflected in three different stereotypes; disabilities as punishment for evil, persons with disabilities as embittered by their fate, and persons with disabilities resenting able-bodied individuals whom they wish to destroy. According to Whittington-Walsh (2002) in 1932, Tod Browning made a film called Freaks which demonstrated a visual display of ‘normalcy’ of the characters, showcased by actors who were physically or mentally disabled. The film attempted to project the real oppression they experienced from socially created attitudes and stigmas. However, it was a box office disaster and banned in England for 40 years. Critics argued that it perpetuated the stereotypical image of people with disabilities as psychotic killers, seeking revenge for their disempowerment. Whittington-Walsh (2002) suggested that what truly offends and shocks audiences is not only the visibility of the actors with disabilities, but the fact that the actors had no shame in showcasing their diversity. Furthermore, it is within the criticism of Freaks where institutional rejection of human diversity is found, not in the images Brown showcased. Whittington-Walsh (2002) refers to the term idiot savant which has been linked with disability and success. This image is used by the film industry as the ‘norm’ for disability representation. Charlton (1998) in Whittington-Walsh (2002) argues that if a person with a disability is successful, they are seen to be brave or special. Films including Forest Gump, My Left Foot and Rain Man portray characters with disabilities as savants. It is argued by Charlton (1998) in Whittington-Walsh that a constant portrayal of characters as savants serves to diminish the abilities and lives of people with disabilities. Furthermore, the films discussed also include themes of isolation and pathology, which relates to the idea of a ‘cure’, as evident through a medical model way of thinking, which ultimately links disability with illness. Wardle et al (no date) presented findings which showed that broadcasters often fall into stereotypical portrayals of disfigurement, for example as reclusive, devious or villainous characters. Factual coverage can also often be overly ‘medicalised’ with documentaries presenting them as quirks of nature, abnormal or in need of surgery. Furthermore, people with facial disfigurement are rarely given a voice and are often positioned as the object of a voyeuristic gaze. Schroeder (1998) notes, to gaze implies more than to look at it signifies a psychological relationship of power, in which the gazer is superior to the object of the gaze (Schroeder, 1998). Wardle et al(no date) suggests that issues such as stigma are generally neglected for the sake of programmes which focus on unusual or extraordinary disfigurements, in order to attract high viewing figures. Goffman (1968) describes stigma as a physical or social attribute or mark that devalues a person’s social identity which consequently disqualifies them from complete social acceptance. Furthermore, stigmatized groups include ethnic minorities, the physically handicapped and the facially disfigured. Moreover, although there are face to face differences between the groups, there is a common thread relating to obstacles, prejudice and discrimination. It is evident through research conducted by Wardle et al (no date) that recent understandings of disability have shifted to the social model largely due to disability rights movement. This movement was the start of developmental changes within society and to further support disabled people to gain equal social status and to eliminate oppression and discrimination. In addition, The Disability Discrimination Act emerged. Disability activists acknowledge ‘difference’ but identify the problem as societies who are unable to adapt in order to accommodate difference, rather than the individual who has the disability. The research concluded that both audiences with and without disfigurement wanted more every day, informed and balanced coverage. In interview, Margaret, 58, revealed that she had been disfigured for 54 years, but had never seen or read anything which portrays a positive image of a disfigured woman. Wardle, et al,no date) Norden et al (2007) suggests that in television and film there is evidence that representation is gradually undergoing a process of change which reflects social change. However, according to Wardle et al (no date) while the traditional side show context largely died out in the nineteenth century, the impulse to look/curiosity and fascination and the spectacle of disabled bodies are still evident in modern media coverage. Cumberbatch and Negrine (1992). carried out a study which highlighted that factual programming did represent disabled people and 16% of all factual programmes included disabled people. Lucas (2003) who was diagnosed with a rare genetic condition called Cherubism discusses her appearance on a television programme called What Are You Staring At? This is a BBC documentary on the subject of facial disfigurement. She reflects on her personal decision not to have plastic surgery and why she felt it important that society should consider prejudice towards people with disfigurement, rather than just concentrating on trying to fix or cure disfigured faces. To put it simply, my attitude was Yeah, lets look at the medical options and if people want surgery, thats fine. But lets also look at building up their self-esteem. Wouldn’t it be nice if we also worked at making a more tolerant society too? Lucas (2003) Lucas (2003) suggested that it is not her face that is the problem, but peoples prejudices. Furthermore she feels that we live in a society that says physical difference is bad and beauty is good. But this has resulted in disfigured and disabled people being treated like second class citizens because their bodies are different and they are seen as less than human. Moreover, societal ideals that cause us to question self image are nothing more than learned traditions and customs passed down through generations. According to Erin (2005) in KASA( 2012) who suffers from Chronic Fatigue Syndrome; typical stereotypes that characters in the media fulfill and have been fulfilling for decades on end, disabled innocence (Tiny Tim), disabled inspiration (Helen Keller), and disabled evil (Captain Hook). Furthermore, unfortunately still today, few movies seem to contain the element of disability at the end. The movie usually concludes with the character with being cured or dying, leading the viewer to the assumption that life with a disability can in no way be rewarding or fulfilling. Moreover, most media representation in unrealistic in relation to portrayal of life with a disability. Falsehoods regarding disabilities are spoon fed to society today, only to be regurgitated as ridiculous pressures on individuals with disabilities to conform to a misleading societal standard of beauty†¦ So just how has over a century of media lies and scattered truths affected us as disabled individuals? Is our self perception warped and self esteem damaged as a result of false images and stereotypes? †¦(Erin, 2005 in KASA, 2012) McEachran (2012) who has a facial disfigurement (non malignant growth on one side of his face) reflects on a recent episode of Top Gear, where TV presenter Jeremy Clarkson compared the size of a Japanese car to people with growths on their faces; mimicking Joseph Merrick (the Elephant Man) in the process: â€Å"You know sometimes you meet someone and they have a growth on their face and it is bigger than their face†¦ one of those really ugly things†. McEachran (2012) strongly believes that the crass remarks from Clarkson has reignited the stereotypes and phenotypes that have been socially and culturally constructed around the fallacy that there is a difference between a ‘figured face’ (whatever that means) and a ‘disfigured face’. Furthermore, TV and film are partly responsible for making disfigurements be seen as something unapproachable and not aesthetic to look at. Pearson (2012) was born with Neurofibromatosis. A rare condition that caused benign growths to grow on his head and face). He recently took part in the channel 4 programme; ‘Beauty and the Beast –Ugly Face of Prejudice’, in order to convince people to see beyond the exterior and judge others by their characters rather than their appearance. This paper has highlighted that representations of disfigurement in the media have changed dramatically over the past three centuries and consequently, has been responsible for some c hange in relation to societal attitudes. Television has been responsible for making the invisible, visible, as evidenced through more recent programmes, where people with facial disfigurements have been given the opportunity to give an insight into their lives and ultimately portray a more positive identity, while attempting to break down negative, stereotypical perceptions. Reflection In my early childhood, I remember becoming friends with a girl, Emma, whose face and body was predominately covered with red/purple marking. She walked with a visible limb and had a curled and deformed hand. I innocently asked why she had these ‘differences’ and she told me that they were just birth marks and that I couldn’t catch them by being her friend. Our friendship continued for many years and after that point, I never thought about her as ‘different’ and accepted her for who she was, my lovely friend. I now realise that this perception was through a child’s eyes because as a young woman my attitude changed. I began to experience a deep sense of pity for people with disabilities, particularly in relation to facial disfigurement and this was prevalent prior to completing the module. I feel that this pity may be a result of my own insecurities, and lack of confidence, as well as the realization that I don’t believe I would have the coping strategies to deal with a facial disfigurement. Furthermore, I have been drawn in by media portrayal of what ‘beauty’ looks like. Throughout the module, my perceptions have completely changed after listening to the experiences of people with facial disfigurement. I now consider that beauty comes from within and having a facial disfigurement should not have negative implications. I agree with Lucas (2003) that learned traditions and customs are passed down through generations. Consequently, educating children from a young age about impairments could have a profound impact on the way people with impairments are perceived in the future. I believe that with knowledge and understanding comes power, resulting in a more positive approach to disability, achievable through education and as a result passed on to other generations, ultimately challenging the term ‘disabled identity’.

An Analysis of Human Resources Management at TNT Essay -- Business Hum

An Analysis of Human Resources Management at TNT TNT is the European market leader in global express distribution, logistics and international mail. Wherever a company operates TNT will make sure that their documents, consignments and business mail are delivered safely and on time using their integrated air and road networks. Their international operations are focused on the key areas of world trade in Europe, Asia, North and South America. They also have strong domestic networks in Australia and Europe. Their operational networks are supported by sophisticated technology which as well as ensuring service reliability provides real-time, on-line information on the status of the consignment. Their central philosophy is to put the customer at the heart of their business. They aim to be companies’ business partner devising solutions for all their customers' distribution needs by combining their core capabilities to create new products and services. The HRM of TNT empower employees to provide the fastest and most reliable service which involves upholding the quality principles for the benefit of all stakeholders involved with the organisation thereby enabling them to achieve the vision. The quality principles of TNT are: customer care, leadership, people, communication, resources, suppliers, processes and the impact on society. For each of this principles the HRM makes sure and show how its needs to be carried out: Â · Customer Care: Always listening to and building first class relationships with their customers to help TNT provide excellent standards of service and client satisfaction. Â · Leadership: Inspiring all members of the TNT team to be outstanding achievers and building on their make it happen policy through clear direction, support and accountability. Â · People: Recognising individual and team achievements, promoting from within wherever possible and encouraging everyone to enjoy rewarding careers that provide security and job satisfaction. Â · Communication: Working hard at all times to encourage clear and honest two-way communications which foster teamwork, they must get through attitude and staff involvement through an open management style. Â · Resources: Employing the best people in a first class working environment and supporting them with ongoing training, reliable equip... ...ager or by the job holder’s superior. The performance appraisal gives the managers the chance to reward employees and to thank them for doing a good job. Appraisal normally takes place once or twice a year. In some organisations it happens every month every three months. The more often it is done the better. At TNT appraisals happens every six months. The benefits of performance appraisal for the organisation are: Â · It helps employees to identify training needs. Â · It may reveal other problems – for example, there may be workplace difficulties with other staff (eg it might be caused by sexual or racial harassment). Â · It may untap useful new skills. Â · It improves communications between employees and managers – a few words of encouragement and praise for doing a good job are often highly motivating. Â · It provides disciplinary documentation – if the employer needs to dismiss somebody, the existence of through appraisal records, which identify the person’s inabilities, or lack of effort will be very useful. Â · It helps to fix pay rises – increasingly people get performance related pay which is based upon the appraisal interview.

The Links Between Growth And Energy Consumption Environmental Sciences Essay

Melting glaciers, lifting sea degrees, an addition in mean planetary temperature, and unnatural precipitation forms have started to do planetary warming an evident world throughout the past decennary. Meanwhile, increasing gross domestic merchandise ( GDP ) remains the cardinal mark of the universe ‘s economic development scheme. In many states, GDP growing is tied closely to increasing energy strength. Unless economic growing is decoupled from increased energy ingestion, the horn of plenty of nursery gases in the ambiance and the subsequent consequence of planetary heating will halter political and societal facets of the universe ‘s activities today. Harmonizing to the Alliance to Save Energy, â€Å" energy efficiency is the quickest, cheapest, cleanest manner to widen our universe ‘s energy supplies. † Because enormous energy losingss occur in the out-of-date substructure, energy efficient solutions that can assist uncouple economic growing from wasteful en ergy usage must be applied. Tamil Nadu is a fast developing province that supports a population of over 6 million people. With the addition in population comes an addition in demand for basic comfortss that include H2O, shelter and lifestyle demands. The growing in population should be supported with a attendant rise in the Gross Domestic Product of the province for the province to be self sufficient in footings of its resources. However, unlike the population, resources do non increase exponentially and therefore, the displacement in the demographic profile of the province will further increase the demand for non-renewable supplies. This calls for the efficient usage of available resources so that a dearth free hereafter can be attained in footings of energy and H2O demands. The province ‘s Annual Plan shows that every twelvemonth, around 1,94,351 hundred thousand rupees is being spent for bring forthing and keeping power supplies. The ratio of this demand to the other disbursals of the province is listed in the tabular array below. Efficient usage of available energy will assist cut down this outgo and this money can be channeled to other constructive strategies such as instruction or the wellness sectors that warrant more budget allotments. Harmonizing to the International Energy Agency ( IEA ) , energy strength in high because of two grounds â€Å" higher losingss in the supply concatenation and inefficient usage. † ( IEA 2003 ) . Implementing energy efficiency steps in substructure is a guaranteed method for bring forthing energy and fiscal nest eggs from edifices, warming, H2O supply, sewerage, and street lighting substructure. Energy efficiency in H2O supply systems is particularly good: nest eggs are accrued in H2O every bit good as energy, cut downing costs while bettering service. Efficiency in the proviso of energy and H2O is one of the few cost-efficient options available for run intoing turning demands for critical services such as electricity, H2O and effluent intervention. Energy efficiency retrofits contribute to improved wellbeing of the population, client service and payment aggregation. If increasing energy efficiency is seen as a end on a nation-wide graduated table, it can besides lend to a state ‘s energy security, be it energy exporting or energy importation. Presently, substructure is outdated. In visible radiation of the uproar over planetary clime alteration and the lifting tendency in green investing, pulling attending to energy efficiency is a timely and valuable chance. There are legion illustrations of successful energy efficiency undertakings to back up the averment that efficiency betterments yield cost-efficient benefits. Such illustrations were highlighted in the Commonwealth of Independent States † held in Moscow, Russia 13-14 November 2006. This demonstrates that due to miss of professional edifice direction, economic inducements for rational energy ingestion and metering, much energy and fiscal resources that can otherwise be usedare being wasted ( Sivaev 2006 ) . Power Grid of the province: LENGTH OF EHT/HT LINES, DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS AND EHT/HT SUB STATIONS 2008-09 Tamil Nadu has a power grid that has a entire affiliated burden of 41,713 million units of electricity which is distributed throughout the province for domestic, commercial, industrial, public utilities, agribusiness, grip and railroads. The per centum of energy ingestion for each of these intents in enlisted in the tabular array below. Consumption OF ELECTRICITY 2008-09 A really little proportion of the generated power is sold to other provinces. Among the sum split up explained above, the highest per centum of power ingestion is by the domestic sector after the industrial ingestion. The power grid of the province caters to 1,36,64,219 families with a power burden of 15,599 million units as per the main applied scientists be aftering study, TNEB, Chennai for the twelvemonth 2009. The sum of electricity for the other sectors is besides detailed in the undermentioned tabular array. Consumers AND CONNECTED LOAD The hereafter of lodging and shelter are houses that are designed to increase the energy efficiency and environmental public presentation. The long-run aim is to transform the lodging market to one in which a bulk of residential new building in the province is â€Å" net zero-energy † i.e. highly efficient edifices whose low energy demands can be met by on-site renewable energy coevals. It is critical to back up the passage to a residential new building energy codification that favours energy preservation criterions to guarantee a better tomorrow ( Building Science Consortium, 2009 ) . Power Dearth in Tamil Nadu: To understand the nature of the power famine in tamilnadu, it is critical to understand the beginning of the power that is generated. In tamilnadu the net energy generated comes from the thermic workss, hydro-electric workss, Wind/Solar energy generated within the province. However this histories for merely around half the demand of the province, and therefore the remainder is purchased from the cardinal sectors, CPP and private sectors. The split up of the generated power is shown in the undermentioned figure. There are a figure of market barriers to efficiency investings in new building, viz. : conflicting design standards, deficiency of information sing the benefits of efficiency and environmental public presentation on the portion of consumers, builders, loaners, valuators, Realtors and others, limited proficient accomplishments on the portion of some of the builders and their subcontractors to turn to cardinal elements of efficiency ; and inability of consumers, loaners, valuators and others to distinguish between efficient and standard places. Low-carbon energy in edifices Low-carbon energy issues in the built environment have been a cardinal focal country for REEEP since the G8 Gleneagles Plan of Action in 2005, which called for REEEP to make more work in the countries of energy efficiency in edifices. Since so, REEEP has been back uping both energy efficiency and the integrating of renewable energy in edifices, holding supported six undertakings and committed about a‚ ¬0.6 million in this infinite. The REEEP-supported undertakings in low- C energy have covered four states: China, Fiji, South Africa, and India. Some of the cardinal enterprises supported by REEEP include the followers: Financing the publicity of energy efficiency in China by Energy Research Institute of the National Development and Reform Commission ; Promotion of energy efficiency in the cordial reception sector in Fiji by the Greenlight Technology Group ; Policies and ordinances for constructing energy efficiency in Bangalore, India, by the Energy and Resources Institute ( ERI ) . Cardinal lessons from REEEP ‘s experience in low-carbon energy in edifices include the followers: Solar level home base aggregators are a mature, appropriate, financially feasible, and ready engineering for a large-scale rollout in developing states ( Winkler, 2007 ) . Appliance criterions and labels are a really effectual policy and regulative instrument. Their function will increase as people in developing states progressively get energy-consuming equipment such as iceboxs, air conditioners, rinsing machines, etc. There is besides a demand to spread out the range of criterions and labels to include thermic energy contraptions such as gas room warmers and gas cookery ranges. The direct and indirect subsidies on electricity and warming fuels are a major barrier to accomplishing low-carbon energy passage in edifices in developing states ( Srivastava and Rehman, 2006 ) . Reform of administered monetary values and rationalization of subsidies in electricity and fuels are a pre-requisite to accomplishing important additions in energy efficiency and renewable energy in the built environment ( Johannson and Goldemberg, 2002 ) . Cardinal lessons from REEEP ‘s experiences in low-carbon energy policy include the followers: The figure of people populating in urban Centres in developing states is increasing, and more urban Centres are being developed. Cities and towns provide a good chance to passage to a low-carbon energy system through a focussed, area-based attack. Low-carbon energy planning demands to be integrated into urban planning and should cover subjects such as transit, edifice, and H2O supply every bit good as electricity and heat. Policy instruments such as feed-in-tariffs have helped in increasing the portion of renewable energy in electricity systems. However, feed-in-tariffs should be carefully designed to guarantee economic efficiency and long-run nutriment of the renewable energy market. Feed-in-tariffs are non relevant to off-grid energy systems, thermic energy, or energy efficiency market development. Mechanisms such as command systems and certificate systems ( renewable energy certifications, white/EE certifications, etc. ) provide an alternate market-based mechanism, but new institutional models should still be established before they can be implemented. Buildings energy public presentation criterions and codifications are cardinal policy instruments for low-carbon energy passage in edifices. Corporate policy and corporate societal duty have non played a important function in low-carbon energy grade development in developing states. As traditional and new concerns grow in developing states, the function of corporate policy will increase, comparative to authorities policies. Several describing enterprises, such as the Carbon Disclose Project ( CDP ) supported this determination. Single household and joint-family places can both profit if the place is designed to be energy efficient. An of import restriction is constructing â€Å" Low-cost Housing † regardless of their location. Larger places as in places designed for joint households are likely to inherently utilize more energy, and advancing energy efficient lodging allows entire place energy usage to turn with size ( Building Science Consortium, 2009 ) . A concerted selling offer for take parting builders will drive homebuyer demand for measure uping places. An aggressive consumer focused selling run will be indispensable to keep builder engagement ( and hence market portion ) . Areas for research in residential new building may include the public presentation metering of plan places and optimized new place designs for important decrease or riddance of chilling energy requirements.it is besides critical to see chances to beg originative proposals for pilot-scale publicities associated with the development of energy efficient places. Energy ingestion metres and monitoring will be built into these places to enable future trailing of existent public presentation. To run into the challenges of a slow residential new building lodging market, increased energy criterions, reward high public presentation places, passage to a market-based, place energy rater web, the undermentioned plan schemes and tactics are being proposed: Carbon footmark labelling for high public presentation places, making consumer consciousness and demand, distinguishing builders in the turning â€Å" green edifice † consciousness of consumers. It is critical to pull media attending to relevant undertakings and associated nest eggs realized by occupants, particularly for place undertakings, which incorporate both energy efficiency and renewable energy engineerings ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.buildingscience.com ) . Further, it is of import to construct relationships with residential builders through educational seminars and preparation to increase higher public presentation edifice patterns and to assist construct a Green Workforce. Energy-efficient places help lower energy costs, addition affordability, addition lastingness, and better wellness and safety. High public presentation places cut down impact on the environment. It is a call for every place to be a portion of the solution for sustainable life to assist battle planetary heating. Feature narratives concentrating on energy and fiscal nest eggs, new engineerings ( solar ) , and environmentally sound edifice patterns herald a new epoch of efficient places. Homes that feature new energy-saving engineerings, renewable energy, and really high public presentation places, in footings of their energy evaluation and decreased environmental impact give us a promise for a better life in the hereafter ( Home Energy Magazine ( for residential consu mers ) , 2008 ) . Increased consciousness of green and sustainable life patterns, and impact of C footmark decrease, greater consciousness of residential indoor air quality, wellness and safety issues for better life, publicity of energy rescuer programs to cut down energy use 20 % back uping the increased development of a green work force by advancing green occupation preparation are critical stairss towards accomplishing an ecofriendly building civilization. The current economic uncertainness may stamp down Numberss of energy efficient places, peculiarly if occupants are non good educated on the benefits of such places. As such, the consciousness of energy efficient places among Realtors and residential place buyers/builders remains comparatively low ( Home Energy Magazine ( for residential consumers ) , 2008 ) . Energy Efficient Strategies in edifices: Energy efficiency steps require capacity-building attempts to authorise establishments and persons to implement energy-saving plans and do energy-saving determinations. Examples of capacity edifice include set uping energy audit processs and hearer preparation plans, developing systems to track energy ingestion forms and set up benchmarks, set uping energy direction systems, making enfranchisement systems for energy practicians, developing energy direction guidelines, and easing engineering transportation. Passive Solar Passive solar systems integrate solar air heating engineerings into a edifice ‘s design. Buildings are designed with stuffs that absorb or reflect solar energy to keep comfy indoor air temperatures and supply natural daytime. Floors and walls can be designed to absorb and retain heat during warm yearss and let go of it during cool eventides. Sunspaces operate like nurseries and gaining control solar heat that can be circulated throughout a edifice. Trombe walls are thick walls that are painted black and made of a stuff that absorbs heat, which is stored during the twenty-four hours and released at dark. Passive solar designs can besides chill edifices, utilizing blowholes, towers, window overhangs, and other attacks to maintain edifices cool in warm climes ( Doug Rye, 2010 ) . Air Waterproofing Air sealing the place â€Å" envelope † and sealing air distribution canals are two of import steps for energy efficiency and indoor air quality. The greatest air escape waies are at the margin of the floor line and in air distribution ducts/returns. Air escape besides occurs at incursions for plumbing, illuming, wiring and around chimney pursuits. Conditioned air leaking from canals can do the full house to pull outside air. This replacing air must be conditioned on a go oning footing, increasing energy usage. Merchandises for sealing air escape in place building include froth sealer for wiring holes in the top home bases of walls ; caulk for clefts and crannies ; weather-stripping for doors and Attic hatches ; and backer rod or rope caulk for make fulling window/door shim infinites. Insulation Some insularity merchandises perform dual responsibility by air sealing and insulating in topographic points where they are applied. As the thickness of an insulating stuff additions, so does effectiveness or R-value. However, if air flows through the insularity, or finds a tract around the insularity, the insulating consequence is greatly reduced. That ‘s why air sealing the edifice envelope before insulating is of import. Types of Insulation Cellulose: R-value is about 3.4 to 3.8 per inch. Cellulose, which is made from recycled newspaper, is blown moistness into unfastened wall pits and sometimes blown dry in the Attic. Boric acid, an additive in cellulose insularity, increases fire opposition, repels insects, and helps forestall mold growing. Cellulose should be blown at a denseness of around 3 to 3.2 lbs per three-dimensional pes to assist forestall subsiding and for enhanced air sealing. Mention to the coverage chart on each bag and cognize how many bags are installed. Fiberglass: R-value for batts is about 3.1 to 4.3 per inch. Compaction of batts will do a decrease in R-value. Fiberglass insularity provides small decrease in air escape, but when combined with extended air sealing patterns can be really effectual. Some new methods of put ining fibreglass include a more heavy high R-value application utilizing an adhesive binding agent and a nonwoven cloth for keeping. Spray-in-place froth: R-Value scopes around 3 to 4 for unfastened cell froth and about 6 to 7 per inch for closed cell froth. Foams have high value for insulating and have excellent air sealing belongingss. However, spray-in-place froth has a higher initial cost. Flammability and burning features of froth merchandises vary harmonizing to the chemical preparation, burning temperature, and available air. WINDOWS, DOORS AND SKYLIGHTS For energy efficiency and comfort, choose ENERGY STAR Windowss, doors, and fanlights labeled for your clime zone. To measure up for the excess benefits of Comfort Advantage Plus, select a window with a Solar Heat Gain Coefficient ( SHGC ) of.35 or lower. This ensures extra protection from solar heat come ining the place ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.efficientwindows.org/index.cfm ) . Light ENERGY STAR qualified illuming provides warm bright visible radiation but uses 75 per centum less energy and produces 75 per centum less heat ( Journal of Light Construction ( for builders or contractors ) , 2008 ) . Both bulbs and illuming fixtures exposing the ENERGY STAR label can be used ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.energystar.gov ) . Lighting histories for about 20 % of the entire electricity demand in the state, and is a major constituent of the peak burden. The bulk of illuming demands in the state are met by incandescent bulbs, peculiarly in the family sector, which are highly energy inefficient as over 90 % of the electricity is converted into heat, and merely upto 10 % is used for illuming. CFLs provide an energy-efficient option to the incandescent lamp by utilizing one-fifth as much electricity as an incandescent lamp to supply the same degree of light. CFLs have about wholly penetrated the commercial market, and the gross revenues of CFLs in India have grown from about 20 million in 2003 to around 200 million in 2008. Statisticss by illuming association indicates that the incursion of Compact Fluorescent Lamps ( CFLs ) in family sector is merely approximately 5 % – 10 % ; the comparatively low incursion rate is mostly due to the high monetary value of the CFLs, which costs 8-10 times every bit much as incandescent bulbs. It is estimated that about 400 million light points in India today are lighted by incandescent bulbs ; their replacing by CFLs would take to a decrease of over 10,000 MW in electricity demand. This would non merely cut down emanations by manner of efficient terminal usage of electricity, but would besides ensue in the decrease of extremum burden in the state which presently faces a deficit of upto 15 % . The Conference of Chief Ministers on Power Sector chaired by the Hon'ble Prime Minister on 28th May, 2007, recognized the important potency of salvaging electricity through its efficient usage by Demand Side Management intercessions which would supply immediate consequences for salvaging electricity. The intercessions resolved by the Conference include bulk procurance and distribution of CFLs ( to cut down costs ) , acceptance of Energy Conservation Building Code ( ECBC ) , advancing and mandating the usage of energy efficient pumps and other energy efficient and contraptions. The â€Å" Bachat Lamp Yojana † aims at the big scale replacing of incandescent bulbs in families by CFLs. It seeks to supply CFLs to households at the monetary value similar to that of incandescent bulbs and programs to use the Clean Development Mechanism ( CDM ) ofthe Kyoto Protocol to retrieve the cost derived function between the market monetary value of the CFLs and the monetary value at which they are sold to families. The Bachat Lamp Yojana is designed as a public-private partnership between the Government of India, private sector CFL providers and State degree Electricity Distribution Companies ( DISCOMs ) . Under the strategy merely 60 Watt and 100 Watt incandescent Lamps will be replaced with 11- 15 Watt and 20 – 25 Watt CFLs severally. BEE will supervise the electricity nest eggs in each undertaking country in conformity with the monitoring methodological analysis prescribed by the Executive Board of the CDM. For this intent, BEE has developed smart metres based on GSM engineering that are fitted between the socket and the CFL in sample families in each undertaking country. The GSM based metre collects the information on hours of usage and energy consumed by the sample CFL and sends this information by SMS to the cardinal waiter. An independent bureau has already been selected for this occupation and metres have been installed in Vizag, Andhra Pradesh and Yamunagar, Haryana. Trial of these metres have been carried out in NABL accredited labs. It is expected that around 50 hundred thousand CFLs will be replaced in each DISCOM country. In order to cut down the dealing costs associated with the blessing of CDM undertakings, BEE has developed a Programme of Activities ( PoA ) which would function as an umbrella CDM undertaking, and would be registered with the CDM Executive Board. The single undertakings, designed to be in conformity with the umbrella undertaking, would be added to the umbrella undertaking as and when they are prepared. The development of the PoA is a voluntary action on the portion of BEE, and it would non seek any commercial or CDM grosss from the PoA. On the other manus, BEE will, on behalf of the Government of India take the duty of monitoring of all undertaking countries after the DISCOMs and the CFL providers have entered into a three-party understanding ( TP A ) with BEE. Solar Power Solar power is energy from the Sun. Solar engineerings convert visible radiation and heat from the Sun into utile energy. Photovoltaic ( PV ) systems convert sunlight into electricity. Thermal systems cod and shop solar heat for air and H2O warming applications. Concentrating solar power systems concentrate solar energy to drive large-scale electric power workss. Solar power systems produce small or no emanations and have a minimum impact on the environment. Photovoltaics PV power systems convert light from the Sun into electricity. PV cells are devices made of semiconducting stuffs similar to those used in computing machine french friess. When these devices are connected to an electrical circuit and exposed to visible radiation, they release negatrons that flow through the circuit, making an electric current. PV panels, are devices that contain a variable figure of PV cells and change over sunshine into direct current ( DC ) electricity. PV panels are typically incorporated into systems that combine batteries and electronic control equipment to supply full- clip DC and/or jumping current ( AC ) power. Typical applications include illuming, electronics, telecommunications, and small-scale H2O pumping.THE RATIONALE FOR PVSolar energy is the most abundant energy resource on Earth. The solar energy that hits the Earth ‘s surface in one hr is about the same as the sum consumed by all human activities in a twelvemonth. Direct transition of sunshine i nto electricity in PV cells is one of the three chief solar active engineerings, the two others being concentrating solar power ( CSP ) and solar thermic aggregators for warming and chilling ( SHC ) . Today, PV provides 0.1 % of entire planetary electricity coevals. However, PV is spread outing really quickly due to dramatic cost decreases. PV is a commercially available and dependable engineering with a important potency for long-run growing in about all universe parts ( Bank Sarasin, 2008 ) .Technology public presentation and costPV systems straight convert solar energy into electricity. The basic edifice block of a PV system is the PV cell, which is a semiconducting material device that converts solar energy into direct-current ( DC ) electricity. PV cells are interconnected to organize a PV faculty, typically up to 50-200 Watts ( W ) . The PV faculties combined with a set of extra application-dependent system constituents ( e.g. inverters, batteries, electrical constituents, and mounting systems ) , organize a PV system. PV systems are extremely modular, i.e. faculties can be linked together to supply power runing from a few Watts to 10s of megawatts ( MW ) . Commercial PV faculties may be divided into two wide classs: wafer based c-Si and thin movies. There are a scope of emerging engineerings, including concentrating photovoltaics ( CPV ) and organic solar cells, every bit good as fresh constructs with important possible for public presentation addition and cost decrease ( Fthenakis V. et al. , 2008 ) . The big assortment of PV applications allows for a scope of different engineerings to be present in the market, from low-cost, lower efficiency engineerings to high-efficiency engineerings at higher cost. Conversion efficiency, defined as the ratio between the produced electrical power and the sum of incident solar energy per second, is one of the chief public presentation indexs of PV cells and faculties. PV systems can be connected to the public-service corporation grid or operated in stand-alone applications. They can besides be used in building-integrated systems ( BIPV ) 2. The investing costs of PV systems are still comparatively high, although they are diminishing quickly as a consequence of engineering betterments and economic systems of volume and graduated table. High investing costs, or entire system costs, represent the most of import barrier to PV deployment today ( Jager-Waldau, A. , 2008 ) . Associated levelised electricity coevals costs from PV systems depend to a great extent on two factors: the sum of annually sunlight irradiation ( and associated capacity factor ) , and the interest/ price reduction rate. PV systems do non hold traveling parts, so operating and care ( O & A ; M ) costs are comparatively little, estimated at around 1 % of capital investing per twelvemonth. The corresponding coevals costs for residential PV systems ranged from USD 360-720 /MWh, depending on the relevant incident solar energy. While these residential costs are really high, it should be noted that residential PV systems provide electricity at the distribution grid degree. Therefore they compete with electricity grid retail monetary values, which, in a figure of OECD states, can besides be really high ( Moehlecke, A. and Zanesco, I. , 2007 ) . Solar Water Heating Systems Solar H2O heating systems, such as the 1s pictured in China ‘s Yunnan Province, consist of a solar aggregator and a storage armored combat vehicle. The aggregator is typically a rectangular box with a transparent screen, through which pipes run, transporting H2O that is heated by the Sun. The pipes are attached to an absorber home base, which is painted black to absorb the heat. As the Sun ‘s heat warms the aggregator, the H2O is heated and passed to the storage armored combat vehicle, which shops the hot H2O heated for domestic usage. As explained by the National Renewable Energy Laboratories, â€Å" Solar H2O heating systems can be either active or inactive. Active systems rely on pumps to travel the liquid between the aggregator and the storage armored combat vehicle, while inactive systems rely on gravitation and the inclination for H2O to of course go around as it is heated ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.geoexchange.org ) .System design and sizeSizing of resid ential solar H2O heating systems is by and large easy: the regulation of pollex is 20-gallons per individual for the first two people and 15-gallons for each extra individual in the house.The RETScreen International Clean Energy Project Analysis Software15 is an advanced and alone energy consciousness, determination support and capacity edifice tool. It consists of standardised and incorporate undertaking analysis package that can be used worldwide to measure the energy production, life-cycle costs and nursery gas emanation decreases for assorted types of proposed energy efficient and renewable energy engineerings compared to conventional energy systems ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.homeenergysaver.lbl.gov/ ) .Market tendenciesThe planetary PV market has experienced vivacious growing for more than a decennary with an mean one-year growing rate of 40 % . The cumulative installed PV power capacity has grown from 0.1GW in 1992 to 14 GW in 2008 ( Navigant, 2009 ) . Market end-use sectors There are four end-use sectors with distinguishable markets for PV: Utility graduated table systems ( get downing at 1 MW, mounted on edifices or straight on the land ) Off-grid applications ( changing sizes ) Residential systems ( typically up to 20 kilowatts systems on single places ) Commercial systems ( typically up to 1 MW systems for commercial office edifices, schools, infirmaries, and retail ) The bulk of grid-connected systems are installed as BIPV systems. However, ground-mounted large- graduated table installings with a coevals capacity in the 10s of megawatts have gained a considerable market portion in recent old ages. As a consequence, off-grid PV systems now constitute less than 10 % of the entire PV market ; nevertheless, such applications still remain of import in distant countries and in developing states that lack electricity substructure. India India has a big and diversified PV industry dwelling of 10s to the full vertically incorporate makers doing solar cells, solar panels and complete PV systems, and around 50 assembly programs of assorted sorts. Together, these companies supply about 200 MW per twelvemonth of 30 different types of PV systems in three classs – rural, distant country and industrial. However, despite this strong industrial base, PV constitutes a little portion of India ‘s installed power coevals capacity, with 2.7 MW grid- connected systems and 1.9 MW stand-alone systems in 2008 ( Banerjee, 2008 ) . There have been a figure of high-ranking authorities enterprises that have provided new impulse for PV deployment in India, including: The 2008 Action Plan on Climate Change included a â€Å" National Solar Mission † In 2008, the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy ( MNRE ) established Generation Based Incentives ( GBI ) programme. The Eleventh Five-Year Plan ( 2007-12 ) proposed solar RD & A ; D support of INR 4 billion ( 86.4M USD ) .CO2 emanations decreaseThe deployment of PV will lend significantly to the reduced C strength of electricity coevals. Taking into history the different mean CO2 emanations of electricity production mixes in different universe parts, and utilizing the BLUE Map scenario mean long-run emanation decrease coefficients for the power sector, the 4 500 TWh generated by PV in 2050 is expected to salvage 2.3 Gt of CO2 emanations on an one-year footing worldwide, about twice that predicted in the BLUE Map scenario. This corresponds to about 5 % of the sum avoided CO2 emanations ( 48 Gt ) from all engineering countries projected in the ETP 2008 BLUE Map Scenario with regard to the Baseline Scenario. Over the period 2008-2050, the estimated cumulative nest eggs are around 100 Gt of CO2 ( Zweibel, K. , Mason, J. and Fthenakis, V. , 2008 ) . Strategic ends and mileposts Achieving the deployment way outlined in this roadmap will necessitate a important investing by authorities and industry in effectual engineering development and policy execution. This subdivision identifies short- , mid- and long-run engineering ends and mileposts and related key R & A ; D issues.Technology tendenciesAn overview of the different PV engineerings and constructs under development are summarized below. Crystalline Si Today, the huge bulk of PV faculties ( 85 % to 90 % of the planetary one-year market ) are based on wafer-based c-Si. Crystalline Si PV faculties are expected to stay a dominant PV engineering until at least 2020. This is due to their proven and dependable engineering, long life-times, and abundant primary resources. The chief challenge for c-Si faculties is to better the efficiency and effectivity of resource ingestion through stuffs decrease, improved cell constructs and mechanization of fabrication. Thin movies Thin movies are made by lodging highly thin beds of light-sensitive stuffs in the micrometre ( I?m ) scope on a low-priced backup such as glass, unstained steel or plastic. The chief advantages of thin movies are their comparatively low ingestion of natural stuffs, high mechanization and production efficiency, easiness of edifice integrating and improved visual aspect, good public presentation at high ambient temperature, and decreased sensitiveness to overheating. The current drawbacks are lower efficiency and the industry ‘s limited experience with lifetime public presentations. II-VI semiconducting material thin movies CdTe cells are a type of II-VI semiconducting material thin movie and have a comparatively simple production procedure, leting for lower production costs. CdTe engineering has achieved the highest production degree of all the thin movie engineerings. It besides has an energy payback clip of eight months, the shortest clip among all bing PV engineerings. For CIGS cells, the fiction procedure is more demanding and consequences in higher costs and efficiencies compared to CdTe cells. Today, CdTe has achieved a dominant place amongst thin movie in footings of market portion and has a market-leading cost-per W. Emerging engineerings Emerging PV engineerings comprise advanced inorganic thin movie engineerings ( e.g. Si, CIS ) every bit good as organic solar cells. Organic solar cells are potentially low cost engineerings that are about to do their market entryway for niche applications. Another emerging PV engineering is based on the construct of thermo-photovoltaics whereby a high efficiency PV cell is combined with a thermic radiation beginning. Novel PV constructs Novel PV concepts purpose at accomplishing ultra-high- efficiency solar cells by developing active beds which best lucifer the solar spectrum or which modify the entrance solar spectrum. Both attacks build on advancement in nanotechnology and nano-materials. Concentrator engineerings ( CPV ) All PV engineerings described so far are alleged flat-plate engineerings which use the of course available sunshine. As an option, direct solar radiation can be concentrated by optical agencies and used in concentrator solar cell engineerings. Water: India faces a despairing state of affairs of H2O deficit. Its fragile and finite H2O resources are consuming while the demands for H2O from assorted sectors of the economic system are quickly lifting. In recent old ages, the industrial and domestic sectors have realized this disparity in the supply and demand. The per capita handiness of H2O in India has been reduced from 5277 three-dimensional meters in 1995 to 1970 three-dimensional metres now. This is projected to cut down farther to about 1000-1700 three-dimensional metres by 2025, doing India a H2O stressed state. At the same clip, demand for H2O continues to turn and will turn 40 % from 750 bcm to 1050 bcm by 2025. Tamil Nadu receives most of its rainfall during the two monsoon seasons, viz. the South West Monsoon and the North East Monsoon seasons. The North East Monsoon brings an norm of 431.1 to 552.7 millimeter of rainfall while the south west monsoon brings an norm of 287.6 to 335.5 millimeter rainfall harmonizing to the meteoric Department records of 2008-2009. The distribution of rainfall in winter and summer is good below the 150mm grade and hence the province faces H2O deficits during most of the twelvemonth. However, if the H2O from the monsoon is expeditiously harvested, it can be channeled for usage during the rainless summers and winters so that H2O ingestion can be managed expeditiously. The tabular array below gives a image of the distribution of rainfall among the cardinal territories of the province. Rainfall is non unvarying within the province as it varies with the geographical location of the territories within the province. The hilly Nilgiris territory receives the most rainfall of over 1800 millimeter. the coastal territories stand following with rainfall ranging over 1400 millimeter in Cuddalore, Nagapattinam and Thiruvarur, and over 1200mm in Kancheepuram, Kanyakumari and Thanjavur, over 1000 millimeter in Chennai, Salem, Villupuram, Thiruvallur and Ramanathapuram. The other territories received rainfall less than or above 800 millimeters harmonizing to the existent rainfall recorded in the aforementioned territories during the twelvemonth 2008-2009 by the Meteorological Survey Department, Chennai.DISTRIBUTION OF DISTRICTS BY RANGE OF RAINFALL 2008-09Safe imbibing H2O is linked closely to the wellbeing of human life. In India, the primary beginnings of imbi bing H2O, that include surface H2O and groundwater, are contaminated by different physical drosss, agricultural and industrial wastes and belowground chemicals and minerals. The undermentioned graph gives the position of H2O supply in the territories of tamilnadu. Although most of the countries are covered with consistent warer supply, there are ruddy aeras in every territory that indicate substructure spreads or shortages in supply. As a province, Tamil Nadu is in famine of H2O and hence stringent steps are required to conserve and efficient ; y use bing resources. Archaeological grounds attests to the gaining control of rainwater as far back as 4,000 old ages ago, and the construct of rainwater harvest home in China may day of the month back 6,000 old ages. Ruins of cisterns built every bit early as 2000 B.C. for hive awaying overflow from hillsides for agricultural and domestic intents are still standing in Israel ( Gould and Nissen-Petersen, 1999 ) . Advantages and benefits of rainwater reaping are legion ( Krishna, 2003 ) . The H2O is free ; the lone cost is for aggregation and usage. The terminal usage of harvested H2O is located near to the beginning, extinguishing the demand for complex and dearly-won distribution systems. Rainwater provides a H2O beginning when groundwater is unacceptable or unavailable, or it can augment limited groundwater supplies. Rainwater is sodium-free, of import for individuals on low-sodium diets. Rainwater is superior for landscape irrigation. Rainwater reaping reduces flow to ramp H2O drains and besides reduces non-point beginning pollution. Rainwater reaping helps public-service corporations cut down the summer demand extremum and hold enlargement of bing H2O intervention workss. Rainwater reaping reduces consumers ‘ public-service corporation measures. In a residential or small-scale application, rainwater harvest home can be every bit simple as imparting rain running off an unguttered roof to a planted landscape country via contoured landscape. To forestall eroding on aslant surfaces, a bermed concave keeping country down incline can hive away H2O for direct usage by turfgrass or workss ( Waterfall, 1998 ) . More complex systems include troughs, pipes, storage armored combat vehicles or cisterns, filtrating, pump ( s ) , and H2O intervention for drinkable usage. Overall supply and demand scenario over 2006 Wind power potency in India Break-out of Installed Base of Electricity Generation from Wind Energy, By State, in 2006 Beginning: TERI Energy Data and Year Book 2006 Bagasse-based Co-generation Potential in Indai by State Beginning: Alliance of Indian Industry, † Baground Paper † 1st India Clean Tech Forum, August 3,2007 National Biomass power Estimation for Tamil Nadu Beginning: Government of India ministry of new and renewable energy hypertext transfer protocol: //mnes.nic.in

African American Women Living With Hiv Aids - 1576 Words

Running Head: AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN LIVING WITH HIV AIDS 1 AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN LIVING WITH HIV AIDS 9 African American Women Living with HIV/AIDS Ruth Dionne Davis SCWK 620 Winthrop University Department of Social Work Abstract HIV/AIDS is a major concern in the African American community. African American women have the highest incidence rate of HIV infection with a steady increase over the years. Extreme poverty, unemployment, underemployment and mental health issues are contributing factors to the rise of the disease in the African American community. Those living with HIV/AIDS, primarily African American women, deal with stigmatization, depression and issues with lack of family support. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), is an evidence-based intervention used to enhance the well-being of these women and provide them with skills to enhance their quality of life. Keywords: African-American, women, HIV/AIDS, poverty, interventions, CBT Population HIV/AIDS is a disease with social, psychological and physiological consequences for those impacted by the illness. The impact of HIV and AIDS among African American women has been devastating. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC, 2010) reports that black women represent 29% of the estimated new HIV infections among all adult and adolescent African Americans and HIV/AIDS is the third leading cause of death for black women ages 25?44. SeveralShow MoreRelatedHealth Disparities in HIV Essay1060 Words   |  5 PagesDisparities in HIV/AIDS Human immunodeficiency Virus also known as HIV is a sexually transmitted disease. It attacks your bodys immune system. The virus destroys CD4 cells, which help your body fight diseases. HIV damages your immune system and it leads to acquired immune deficiency syndrome also known as AIDS. 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